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What's the output?[edit]

<syntaxhighlight lang="c">

1. include <stdio.h>

int main() {

  int a = 1, b;
  b = ++a || ++a;
  printf("%d %d", a,b);
  return 0;

} </syntaxhighlight>

(A) Undefined Value

(B) 3 1

(C) 2 1

(D) 2 2

Solution[edit]

Anyone who have read about undefined value in C language might think that the answer here is Undefined. But, in the definition of undefined value, for expressions, its clearly mentioned about sequence points and logical operators || and && are to be considered as sequence points. That is, all the side effects of expressions on the left side of these operators must be completed before evaluation the right side. This is done so that short circuiting rule (explained below) would work in C.

Short circuiting rule is used to short circuit the evaluation of an expression as soon as the result of the whole expression is known. i.e.; Once the end result of an expression is determined, at some point during the evaluation of that expression, the remaining part of the expression is not evaluated. This happens in the case of logical operators && and ||.

In the question here, consider the statement

 b = ++a || ++a;

Here, we know the value of b, just when we see ||, as ++a returns a positive number. Hence, the compiler will skip the remaining execution of the expression and a is incremented to 2 and b is assigned the result of || operator which is 1.

Similarly for && operator, the second part of the expression won't be evaluated if the first half evaluates to 0.

Short circuiting rule is provided not only to avoid execution of dead codes but also as a means of error handling. For example, in the left side of && we can check the index of an array to be within the bounds and then in the right hand side, access the array element.